How is the potential within and on the surface of a conductor?

Constant

The correct answer is Option 4: Constant

In electrostatics, the potential at all points inside a conductor and on its surface remains the same, i.e., constant. This happens because the electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is zero, so there is no potential difference within the conductor.

Why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1 : Indirectly proportional — Potential is not inversely related in this context.
• Option 2 : Directly proportional — Potential does not vary directly here.
• Option 3 : Zero — The potential inside a conductor may or may not be zero; it depends on the reference point. The important fact is that it is constant.