Read the passage given below and answer the question.
Often it is thought that imparting knowledge of 'scientific' farming methods will improve the conditions of Indian farmers. We should remember that Indian farmers have been cultivating the land for centuries, much before the advent of the Green Revolution. They have very deep and extensive traditional knowledge about the land they till and the crops they sow. Much of this knowledge, like the many traditional varieties of seeds that were developed over the centuries by farmers, is being lost as hybrid, high-yielding, and genetically modified varieties of seeds are being promoted as more productive and 'scientific' (Gupta 1998; Vasavi 1999b). In view of the negative environmental and social impact of modern methods of cultivation that have been observed, a number of scientists as well as farmers' movements now suggest a return to traditional, more organic seeds and methods of cultivation. Many rural people themselves believe that hybrid varieties are less healthy than the traditional ones.
Put the following events of Rural Society in correct sequence:
(A) Second phase of Green Revolution
(B) Abolition of Zamindari System
(C) Contract Farming began
(D) Raiyatwari system of Land settlement
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → (D), (B), (A), (C)
(D) Raiyatwari system of Land settlement — a system of the colonial period. In the areas under direct British rule, the ‘actual cultivators’ rather than the zamindars paid the tax to the colonial government.
(B) Abolition of Zamindari System — the first important land reform law after Independence. Land reform laws were passed from the 1950s to the 1970s, and the abolition of the zamindari system removed the intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state.
(A) Second phase of Green Revolution — it began in the 1980s, when farmers in the dry and semi-arid regions took up Green Revolution practices, after the first phase of the 1960s and 1970s.
(C) Contract Farming began — a part of the globalisation of agriculture that came with the policy of liberalisation followed since the late 1980s. Farmers grow crops such as tomatoes and potatoes on contract with multinational companies (such as PepsiCo), which buy the produce at a fixed price.
NCERT (2025-26): “4.2 The Impact of Land Reforms The Colonial Period … Many districts of colonial India were administered through the zamindari system. In other areas that were under direct British rule had what was called the raiyatwari system of land settlement (raiyat means cultivator in Telugu). In this system, the ‘actual cultivators’ (who were themselves often landlords and not cultivators) rather than the zamindars were responsible for paying the tax.…” “…From the 1950s to the 1970s, a series of land reform laws were passed – at the national level as well as in the states – that were intended to bring about these changes. The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state.…” “4.3 The Green Revolution and its Social Consequences … The second phase of the Green Revolution which began in 1980s, farmers living in the dry and semi-arid regions of India began following Green Revolution cultivation practices.…” “4.6 Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Rural Society … The policy of liberalisation that India has been following since the late 1980s have had a very significant impact on agriculture and rural society.…” “…For instance, in some regions such as Punjab and Karnataka, farmers enter into contracts with multinational companies (such as PepsiCo) to grow certain crops (such as tomatoes and potatoes), which the companies then buy from them for processing or export.…” |