Match List-I (biomolecule) with List-II (characteristics)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

(A) Lactose $\rightarrow$ (IV) Reducing sugar

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk composed of glucose and galactose. It is a reducing sugar because it has a free hemiacetal group (specifically on the glucose unit) that can act as a reducing agent in reactions like Fehling's or Benedict's test.

(B) Glycine $\rightarrow$ (III) Optically inactive

Glycine ($H_2N-CH_2-COOH$) is the simplest amino acid. Unlike all other naturally occurring $\alpha$-amino acids, glycine's central carbon is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. This means it lacks a chiral (asymmetric) center, making it optically inactive.

(C) Ascorbic acid $\rightarrow$ (II) Bleeding gums

Ascorbic acid is better known as Vitamin C. A severe deficiency of this vitamin leads to a disease called scurvy. One of the hallmark clinical symptoms of scurvy is the weakening of collagen in blood vessels and connective tissues, which results in bleeding gums.

(D) Estradiol $\rightarrow$ (I) Menstrual cycle

Estradiol is the primary and most potent form of estrogen in the human body. It plays a fundamental role in regulating the menstrual cycle, driving the development of the uterine lining (endometrium), and triggering ovulation.