Arrange the following developments in India in a chronological order from the earliest to the newest.
A. Nationalism
B. Nationalisation
C. Globalisation
D. Colonialism
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → D, A, B, C
(D) Colonialism — the earliest. The story of social and economic development in modern India begins from the colonial period, when colonialism tied India to a global network of capital, raw materials and markets.
(A) Nationalism — grew under colonial rule as the struggle against it; independent India’s global outlook was in many senses inherited from the Indian nationalist movement.
(B) Nationalisation — came after Independence, when many sectors were reserved for the government and the state took over private industries and banks (the banks were nationalised in 1969).
(C) Globalisation — the newest: since July 1991, liberalisation has opened sectors earlier reserved for the government to private and foreign firms and tied India more closely to the global market.
NCERT (2025-26): “Colonialism and the Global Connection … We began our story of social and economic development in modern India from the colonial period. You will recall from Chapter 1 that modern capitalism had a global dimension from its very inception. Colonialism was part of the system that required new sources of capital, raw materials, energy, markets and a global network that sustained it.…” “Independent India and the World … Independent India retained a global outlook. In many senses this was inherited from the Indian nationalist movement. Commitment to liberation struggles throughout the world, solidarity with people from different parts of the world was very much part of this vision.…” “…Liberalisation of the economy meant the steady removal of the rules that regulated Indian trade and finance regulations. These measures are also described as economic reforms. What are these reforms? Since July 1991, the Indian economy has witnessed a series of reforms in all major sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry, trade, foreign investment and technology, public sector, financial institutions, etc). The basic assumption was that greater integration into the global market would be beneficial to Indian economy.…” |