Read the statements given below and choose the option with the correct sequence of events:
A. Green revolution introduced in the dry and the semi-arid regions of India 2nd phase
B. New technology introduced.
C. Displacement of service caste groups.
D. Increasing Commercialisation
Choose the correct answer from the option given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → B, C, A, D
(B) New technology introduced. — This comes first. In the first phase of the Green Revolution, in the 1960s and 1970s, the new technology of high-yielding seeds and fertilisers raised production in the irrigated areas.
(C) Displacement of service caste groups. — This followed in the same first phase. The introduction of machinery such as tillers, tractors, threshers and harvesters displaced the service caste groups who used to carry out these farm tasks, and pushed up rural-urban migration.
(A) Green revolution introduced in the dry and the semi-arid regions of India 2nd phase — This came later. In the second phase, which began in the 1980s, farmers in the dry and semi-arid regions began following Green Revolution practices, shifting from dry to irrigated cultivation.
(D) Increasing Commercialisation — This is the outcome of the second phase in those regions. Increasing commercialisation and dependence on the market, for instance where cotton was promoted, increased the farmers’ livelihood insecurity, as they now depended on the market for their incomes.
NCERT (2025-26): “4.3 The Green Revolution and its Social Consequences … Thus, in the first phase of the Green Revolution, in the 1960s and 1970s, the introduction of new technology seemed to be increasing inequalities in rural society. Green Revolution crops were highly profitable, mainly because they yielded more produce. Well-to-do farmers who had access to land, capital, technology, and know-how, and those who could invest in the new seeds and fertilisers, could increase their production and earn more money. However, in many cases it led to the displacement of tenant-cultivators. For landowners began to take back land from their tenants and cultivate it directly because cultivation was becoming more profitable. This made the rich farmers better off, and worsened the condition of the landless and marginal holders.” “In addition, the introduction of machinery such as tillers, tractors, threshers, and harvesters (in areas such as Punjab and parts of Madhya Pradesh) led to the displacement of the service caste groups who used to carry out these agriculture-related activities. This process of displacement also increased the pace of rural-urban migration.…” “…The second phase of the Green Revolution which began in 1980s, farmers living in the dry and semi-arid regions of India began following Green Revolution cultivation practices. In these areas there has been a significant shift from dry to wet (irrigated) cultivation, along with changes in the cropping pattern and type of crops grown. Increasing commercialisation and dependence on the market in these areas (for instance, where cotton cultivation has been promoted) has increased rather than reduced livelihood insecurity, as farmers who once grew food for consumption now depend on the market for the incomes.…” |