Match List I with List II
| LIST-I (Concepts) | LIST-II (Characteristics) | ||
| A. | Women in Garment factory | I. | Exploitation of workers |
| B. | Industrialisation | II. | Feminisation of work |
| C. | Unorganised sector | III. | Removing restriction on import and export |
| D. | Liberalisation | IV. | Anonymity |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(A) Women in Garment factory — this matches (II) Feminisation of work. Feminisation of work means that women come to form the main part of the workforce in a kind of work; in agriculture, women are emerging as the main source of labour, leading to the ‘feminisation of agricultural labour force’. Garment factories, which employ mostly women, show the same pattern in industry.
(B) Industrialisation — this matches (IV) Anonymity. Thinkers like Marx, Weber and Durkheim linked industry with the loss of face-to-face relationships of village life and their substitution by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces.
(C) Unorganised sector — this matches (I) Exploitation of workers. Units in the organised sector have to be registered so that employees get proper wages, pension and other benefits. In the unorganised sector, where over 90% of India’s work is done, workers have no secure jobs or benefits, and whether they get a raise or lose the job depends on the employer’s liking.
(D) Liberalisation — this matches (III) Removing restriction on import and export. Liberalisation includes a reduction in tariffs and import duties so that foreign goods can be imported more easily; since April 1, 2001, all quantitative restrictions on imports have been withdrawn.
NCERT (2025-26): “5.1 Images of Industrial Society … Many of the great works of sociology were written at a time when industrialisation was new and machinery was assuming great importance. Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry, such as urbanisation, the loss of face-to-face relationships that were found in rural areas where people worked on their own farms or for a landlord they knew, and their substitution by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.” “Economists and others often make a distinction between the organised or formal and unorganised or informal sector. There is a debate over how to define these sectors. According to one definition, the organised sector consists of all units employing ten or more people throughout the year. These have to be registered with the government to ensure that their employees get proper salaries or wages, pension and other benefits. In India, over 90% of the work, whether it is in agriculture, industry or services is in the unorganised or informal sector.…” “…Second, very few Indians have access to secure jobs with benefits. Of those who do, two-thirds work for the government. This is why people strive hard to get into government jobs.…” “Debate on Liberalisation – Market Versus State … The globalisation of the Indian economy has been due primarily to the policy of liberalisation that was started in the late 1980s. Liberalisation includes a range of policies such as the privatisation of public sector enterprises (selling government-owned companies to private companies); loosening of government regulations on capital, labour, and trade; a reduction in tariffs and import duties so that foreign goods can be imported more easily; and allowing easier access for foreign companies to set up industries in India. Another word for such changes is marketisation, or the use of markets or market-based processes (rather than government regulations or policies) to solve social, political, or economic problems. These include relaxation or removal of economic controls (deregulation), privatisation of industries, and removing government controls over wages and prices.…” “…For instance, in poor areas where male family members spend much of the year working outside of their villages, cultivation has become primarily a female task. Women are also emerging as the main source of agricultural labour, leading to the ‘feminisation of agricultural labour force.’ The insecurity of women is greater because they earn lower wages than men for similar work.…” |