Match List-I (Term) with List-II (Example).
| List-I | List-II |
|---|---|
| (A) Old social movement | (I) Villagers unheard by their elected representatives organise outside all parties to press the state |
| (B) Non-party political formation | (II) A common term covering trade unions, women's groups, NGOs and tribal activists together |
| (C) New social movement | (III) Factory workers seek social security through a trade union linked to a party |
| (D) Civil society | (IV) Residents of an affluent city campaign for cleaner air and more green spaces |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
| List-I | List-II | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| (A) Old social movement | (III) Factory workers seek social security through a trade union linked to a party | Old social movements worked within the frame of political parties and won gains such as social security from the state. A party-linked trade union of factory workers fits this. |
| (B) Non-party political formation | (I) Villagers unheard by their elected representatives organise outside all parties to press the state | When elected representatives no longer carry their voices, people left out of the formal political system form non-party political formations. These press the state from outside. |
| (C) New social movement | (IV) Residents of an affluent city campaign for cleaner air and more green spaces | New social movements deal with quality-of-life issues such as a clean environment, not with the distribution of power. Affluent residents asking for cleaner air fit this. |
| (D) Civil society | (II) A common term covering trade unions, women's groups, NGOs and tribal activists together | Civil society is the broader term for both old movements such as trade unions and new groups such as NGOs (non-governmental organisations), women's groups and tribal activists. |
NCERT (2026-27): “Distinguishing the new social movement from the old social movements “The old social movements functioned within the frame of political parties. The Indian National Congress led the Indian National Movement. The Communist Party of China led the Chinese Revolution. Today some believe that ‘old’ class-based political action led by trade unions and workers’ parties is on the decline. Others argued that in the affluent West with its welfare state, issues of class-based exploitation and inequality were no longer central concerns. So the ‘new’ social movements were not about changing the distribution of power in society but about quality-of-life issues such as having a clean environment.” “In the old social movements, the role of political parties was central. Political scientist Rajni Kothari attributes the surge of social movements in India in the 1970s to people’s growing dissatisfaction with parliamentary democracy. Kothari argues that the institutions of the state have been captured by elites. Due to this, electoral representation by political parties is no longer an effective way for the poor to get their voices heard. People left out by the formal political system join social movements or non-party political formations in order to put pressure on the state from outside. Today, the broader term of civil society is used to refer to both old social movements represented by political parties and trade unions and to new non-governmental organisations, women’s groups, environmental groups and tribal activists.” |