Match List-I (Term in Marx's theory) with List-II (Description).List-…

Match List-I (Term in Marx's theory) with List-II (Description).

List-I	List-II
(A) Mode of production	(I) Sold by workers in the market to earn a wage
(B) Relations of production	(II) Gives rise to a specific class structure
(C) Labour power	(III) Consists of particular relations of production
(D) Surplus value	(IV) Extracted by paying workers less than what their work is worth

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 2

The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Mode of production	(III) Consists of particular relations of production	For Marx, each mode of production consists of particular relations of production. The mode is the wider system built from these relations.
(B) Relations of production	(II) Gives rise to a specific class structure	Relations of production in turn give rise to a specific class structure. Under capitalism this means two classes, capitalists and workers.
(C) Labour power	(I) Sold by workers in the market to earn a wage	Labour power is what workers sell in the market to earn a wage. This is why labour becomes a commodity under capitalism.
(D) Surplus value	(IV) Extracted by paying workers less than what their work is worth	Capitalists pay workers less than the value of what they produce. The part they keep is surplus value, the source of their profit.

NCERT (2026-27): “4.2 Understanding Capitalism as a Social System
One of the founders of modern sociology, Karl Marx, was also a critic of modern capitalism. Marx understood capitalism as a system of commodity production, or production for the market, through the use of wage labour. As you have already learned, Marx wrote that all economic systems are also social systems. Each mode of production consists of particular relations of production, which in turn give rise to a specific class structure. He emphasised that the economy does not consist of things (goods circulating in the market), but is made up of relations between people who are connected to one another through the process of production. Under the capitalist mode of production, labour itself becomes a commodity, because workers must sell their labour power in the market to earn a wage. This gives rise to two basic classes – capitalists, who own the means of production (such as the factories), and workers, who sell their labour to the capitalists. The capitalist class is able to profit from this system by paying the workers less than the value of what they actually produce, and so extracting surplus value from their labour. …”

Match List-I (Term in Marx's theory) with List-II (Description).

List-I	List-II
(A) Mode of production	(I) Sold by workers in the market to earn a wage
(B) Relations of production	(II) Gives rise to a specific class structure
(C) Labour power	(III) Consists of particular relations of production
(D) Surplus value	(IV) Extracted by paying workers less than what their work is worth

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 2

The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Mode of production	(III) Consists of particular relations of production	For Marx, each mode of production consists of particular relations of production. The mode is the wider system built from these relations.
(B) Relations of production	(II) Gives rise to a specific class structure	Relations of production in turn give rise to a specific class structure. Under capitalism this means two classes, capitalists and workers.
(C) Labour power	(I) Sold by workers in the market to earn a wage	Labour power is what workers sell in the market to earn a wage. This is why labour becomes a commodity under capitalism.
(D) Surplus value	(IV) Extracted by paying workers less than what their work is worth	Capitalists pay workers less than the value of what they produce. The part they keep is surplus value, the source of their profit.