What saddened Mahatma Gandhi on the Independence Day celebrations of India in 1947?

All of the above

On August 15, 1947, Mahatma Gandhi did not participate in the independence day celebrations as he was in Kolkata, witnessing violent riots between Hindus and Muslims.

The communal violence between Hindus and Muslims saddened Gandhiji. He felt disheartened that his principles of non-violence and active resistance had failed to unite people during troubled times.

In Kolkata, Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to abandon violence, which helped improve the situation temporarily and allowed for the celebration of independence with communal harmony.

However, riots between Hindus and Muslims resurfaced, leading Gandhi to undertake a fast in an attempt to restore peace.

In 1947 Gandhi later moved to Delhi, where he was concerned about the treatment of Muslims as equal citizens and the relations between India and Pakistan.