Match the Column I with Column II.

a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1

The correct answer is Option (4) –a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1

Primary succession typically begins on bare rock surfaces devoid of any life. This represents the starting point where pioneer species such as lichens colonize the barren rock surface.

Lichens are pioneer organisms that are among the first to colonize barren substrates like rocks. They can grow on bare rock surfaces and initiate the process of soil formation by breaking down rock material into smaller particles, eventually leading to the establishment of more complex plant communities.

As lichens colonize the rock surface and begin to break it down, they contribute to the formation of detritus, which includes organic matter such as bark and fecal matter. Detritus serves as a substrate for further plant colonization and soil development.

Sedges are typically part of later seral communities that establish as the soil becomes more developed and nutrient-rich. They are often found in the later stages of primary succession, following the establishment of pioneer species like lichens.