_______ is the chemical process in which different types of chemical reactions are involved in controlling the living state of the cells in an organism.

Metabolism

The correct answer is option 4. Metabolism.

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur within the cells of living organisms to maintain life. It involves various processes that collectively manage the energy and materials necessary for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Metabolism can be broadly categorized into two main types:

1. Anabolism: This is the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring an input of energy. Anabolic reactions are responsible for the synthesis of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and cell membranes. The energy needed for anabolism often comes from catabolic reactions.

2. Catabolism: This is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Catabolic reactions typically involve the breakdown of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The released energy is then used to drive various cellular activities.

Metabolism is crucial for maintaining the balance of energy and molecules within an organism. It encompasses a wide range of chemical reactions, including those involved in cellular respiration, photosynthesis (in plants), and the utilization of nutrients for energy and cellular building blocks. The overall goal of metabolism is to sustain life by ensuring that cells have the necessary resources to function and replicate.