What happened to the academic and intellectual manpower in the post Soviet countries after its disintegration?

1) It significantly improved.
2) It had no significant changes.
3) It disintegrated or migrated.
4) It took on leadership roles in the government.

3

The academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated during this period.

As a consequence of the shock therapy, the value of the ruble, the Russian currency, declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and Russia started to import food. The real GDP of Russia in 1999 was below what it was in 1989. The old trading structure broke down with no alternative in its place. The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty. The middle classes were pushed to the periphery of society, and the academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated. A mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities. Privatisation led to new disparities. Post-Soviet states, especially Russia, were divided between rich and poor regions. Unlike the earlier system, there was now great economic inequality between people.