Match List-I with List-II
| List-I | List-II | ||
| Behavioural technique | Description | ||
| (A) | Negative reinforcement | (I) | Technique for treating phobias or irrational fears |
| (B) | Aversive conditioning | (II) | Repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence |
| (C) | Systematic desensitization | (III) | Organisms tend to get rid of or avoid painful stimuli |
| (D) | Token economy | (IV) | Persons with behavioural problems are given token as a reward for desirable behaviour |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → (A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)
(A) Negative reinforcement — this matches (III) Organisms tend to get rid of or avoid painful stimuli. Responses that let us escape or avoid something painful are strengthened, as one learns to wear woollen clothes to avoid the cold.
(B) Aversive conditioning — this matches (II) Repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. An alcoholic smells alcohol while getting a mild electric shock; with repeated pairings the smell itself becomes unpleasant and the person gives up alcohol.
(C) Systematic desensitization — this matches (I) Technique for treating phobias or irrational fears. Introduced by Wolpe, it has the relaxed client imagine a hierarchy of fear-provoking situations, from the least to the most frightening.
(D) Token economy — this matches (IV) Persons with behavioural problems are given token as a reward for desirable behaviour. The tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward, such as an outing or a treat.
NCERT (2025-26): “Behavioural Techniques … Negative reinforcement and aversive conditioning are the two major techniques of behaviour modification. As you have already studied in Class XI, responses that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them provide negative reinforcement. For example, one learns to put on woollen clothes, burn firewood or use electric heaters to avoid the unpleasant cold weather. One learns to move away from dangerous stimuli because they provide negative reinforcement. Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. For example, an alcoholic is given a mild electric shock and asked to smell the alcohol. With repeated pairings the smell of alcohol is aversive as the pain of the shock is associated with it and the person will give up alcohol.…” “…Persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. The tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward such as an outing for the patient or a treat for the child. This is known as token economy.” “…Systematic desensitisation is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears.…” |