According to the PASS model, ________ allows us to think of possible courses of action, implement them to reach the target, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Planning

The correct answer is Planning.

According to the PASS model of intelligence, planning is the cognitive process that allows us to think of possible courses of action, implement them to reach the target, and evaluate their effectiveness. It is a crucial skill for problem-solving, decision-making, and goal-setting.

Arousal is the level of physiological activation in the nervous system. It is important for attention and alertness, but it is not directly related to planning.

Simultaneous processing is the ability to perceive and process multiple pieces of information at the same time. It is an important skill for multitasking and rapid decision-making, but it is not directly related to planning.

Successive processing is the ability to process information in a sequential and ordered manner. It is an important skill for following instructions and completing tasks with multiple steps, but it is not directly related to planning.