Match List I with List II
| LIST I | LIST II | ||
| Conflict | Author | ||
| A. | Classical Conditioning | I. | Bandura |
| B. | Observational learning | II. | Pavlov |
| C. | Instrumental Conditioning | III. | Carl Rogers |
| D. | Client-Centred Therapy | IV. | Skinner |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(A) Classical Conditioning — this matches (II) Pavlov. Classical conditioning is learning by temporal association, in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time.
(B) Observational learning — this matches (I) Bandura. Learning happens by observing and imitating others; this theory gives thought processes an important place in learning.
(C) Instrumental Conditioning — this matches (IV) Skinner. Behaviour is learned because it is followed by a reward, so the reinforced response is repeated.
(D) Client-Centred Therapy — this matches (III) Carl Rogers. Rogers brought the concept of self, with freedom and choice as its core, into psychotherapy; the therapist gives a warm relationship and shows empathy.
NCERT (2025-26): “Behavioural Approach … From your study in Class XI, you may recall that there are several different learning principles that involve the use of stimuli, responses, and reinforcement in different ways. The theories of classical conditioning (Pavlov), instrumental conditioning (Skinner), and observational learning (Bandura) are well-known to you.…” “Client-centred Therapy … Client-centred therapy was given by Carl Rogers. Rogers combined scientific rigour with the individualised practice of client-centred psychotherapy. Rogers brought into psychotherapy the concept of self, with freedom and choice as the core of one’s being.…” |