Which of the following overcome inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes ?

All of these.

Traditional hybridization procedures involve crossing two parent organisms with desirable traits to create offspring with a combination of these traits. However, this process is not very precise, and it may result in the inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes in the offspring. This is because the genes from both parent organisms are inherited, and there is no control over which specific genes will be passed on to the offspring.

In contrast, genetic engineering techniques, such as creating recombinant DNA, gene cloning, and gene transfer, provide a more precise and controlled way to introduce desirable genes into an organism without introducing undesirable genes. Here's how each technique works:

1. Recombinant DNA: In this technique, specific genes of interest are isolated from one organism and combined with the DNA of another organism using specialized enzymes called restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases. The resulting recombinant DNA contains only the desired genes and can be inserted into the target organism.
2. Gene Cloning: Gene cloning allows for the isolation and replication of specific genes of interest in large quantities. This process ensures that only the gene of interest is multiplied, while unwanted genes are excluded. The cloned genes can then be introduced into the target organism.
3. Gene Transfer: Gene transfer involves the direct introduction of specific genes into the target organism's genome. This can be achieved using various techniques, such as microinjection, biolistics (gene gun method), or using disarmed pathogen vectors. These methods allow for precise insertion of desired genes without introducing unwanted genetic material.

Using these genetic engineering techniques, scientists can introduce only the desired genes into the target organism, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional hybridization methods. This precision and control are crucial in modern biotechnology and have enabled the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with specific traits that benefit agriculture, medicine, and various other fields.