Match List - I with List - II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

A. Analogy is based on convergent evolution.  Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins. One can say that it is the similar habitat that has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms but toward the same function: Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification) is another example for analoous organs.

B. Homology is based on divergent evolution .Homology indicates common ancestry. They perform different functions but  have similar anatomical structure –examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology. Whales, bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs. Though these forelimbs perform different functions in these animals, they have similar anatomical structure – all of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs. Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs.

C. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is Australian marsupials.

D. Lamarckism, developed by  Lamarck, proposed the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, suggesting that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. He also proposed that the use or disuse of organs could lead to changes in the organism's traits, asserting that continuous use of an organ would cause it to develop and increase in size, while disuse would lead to its degradation over generations.