What has been a challenge for archaeologists in reconstructing agricultural practices in the Harappan civilization?

Identifying the tools used for harvesting

The presence of grain finds provides evidence of agriculture in the Harappan civilization, although reconstructing the exact agricultural practices can be challenging. One question is whether seeds were scattered on ploughed lands. Representations on seals and terracotta sculptures indicate knowledge of bulls, suggesting that oxen were employed for ploughing. Additionally, terracotta models of ploughs discovered in Cholistan and Banawali support this notion.

Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan, associated with Early Harappan levels. Notably, the field featured two sets of furrows intersecting at right angles, possibly indicating the simultaneous cultivation of different crops.

Another area of inquiry for archaeologists has been the identification of harvesting tools. Were stone blades with wooden handles or metal tools utilized by the Harappans?

Given that most Harappan sites are situated in semi-arid regions, irrigation was likely necessary for agriculture. While traces of canals have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, no such evidence has been discovered in Punjab or Sind. It is plausible that ancient canals have silted up over time. Moreover, it is probable that wells were used to draw water for irrigation purposes. Notably, water reservoirs found in Dholavira may have served as storage for agricultural water needs.