Which of the following is/are part of downstreaming processing ?

Both A and B.

d-Both A and B is the correct option.

Downstream processing is a crucial stage in biotechnological processes, especially in the production of biopharmaceuticals and other bio-based products. It involves the purification and separation of the target product from the complex mixture of biological molecules produced during the bioprocess. Let's break down the steps involved in downstream processing:

1. Separation: The first step in downstream processing is the separation of the target product from the fermentation broth or culture medium. This is typically achieved using various separation techniques such as filtration, centrifugation, and sedimentation. These methods help to separate cells, cell debris, and other unwanted components from the desired product.
2. Purification: Once the target product is separated, it undergoes a series of purification steps to remove impurities and contaminants. Different purification techniques such as chromatography, precipitation, and dialysis are used to purify the product to a high degree. Chromatography, in particular, is extensively used to isolate and purify biomolecules based on their specific properties.
3. Preservation: After purification, the target product may need to be preserved to maintain its stability and activity. Preservation methods include freeze-drying, lyophilization, or storage at low temperatures. These techniques help extend the shelf life of the final product.
4. Formulation: In some cases, the purified product may require formulation to enhance its stability, solubility, and other properties. Formulation involves the addition of suitable excipients or carriers to achieve the desired product characteristics.
5. Clinical Trials: If the target product is a biopharmaceutical, it needs to undergo extensive testing through clinical trials to evaluate its safety and efficacy in humans. Clinical trials are critical to gaining regulatory approval for the product's commercial use.

Overall, downstream processing plays a vital role in ensuring the production of high-quality, pure, and safe biotechnological products. It requires a combination of sophisticated techniques and expertise to achieve efficient and effective purification and isolation of the desired product from the bioprocess.