Match List I with List II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

The correct answer is option 2. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

Here is a detailed look at each process and its respective catalyst:

A. \(SO_2 \longrightarrow H_2SO_4\)

Process: Contact Process

The Contact Process is used for the industrial production of sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)) from sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)).

Steps:

Oxidation of \(SO_2\): Sulfur dioxide is first oxidized to sulfur trioxide (\(SO_3\)) in the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide (\(V_2O_5\)) catalyst:

\(2SO_2 + O_2 \overset{V_2O_5}{\longrightarrow} 2SO_3\)

Formation of Oleum: Sulfur trioxide is then absorbed in existing sulfuric acid to form oleum (\(H_2S_2O_7\)):

\(SO_3 + H_2SO_4 \longrightarrow H_2S_2O_7\)

Hydration to Sulfuric Acid: Oleum is finally mixed with water to produce sulfuric acid:

\(H_2S_2O_7 + H_2O \longrightarrow 2H_2SO_4\)

Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide (\(V_2O_5\)) is used in the first step of the process to catalyze the oxidation of \(SO_2\) to \(SO_3\). It facilitates the reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.

B. Ethene \(\longrightarrow\) Polythene

Process: Polymerization

Ethene (ethylene) undergoes a polymerization process to form polyethylene (polythene), which is a common plastic used in various applications.

Steps:

Initiation: The polymerization begins with the initiation of the ethene molecules, typically through the use of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst or other suitable initiators.

Propagation: Ethene molecules react to form long chains of polyethylene. This is a chain reaction where the double bonds in ethene open up to form a continuous polymer chain.

Termination: The polymerization process is terminated when the growing polymer chain reacts with another molecule or is deactivated by an external agent.

Catalyst: Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which are typically composed of titanium compounds and organoaluminum co-catalysts, are used to facilitate this polymerization process. They allow for control over the polymer’s structure and properties.

C. \(N_2 + 3H_2 \longrightarrow 2NH_3\)

Process: Haber Process

The Haber Process is used for the synthesis of ammonia (\(NH_3\)) from nitrogen (\(N_2\)) and hydrogen (\(H_2\)).

Steps:

Reaction Conditions: The reaction is carried out at high temperature (around 450-500°C) and high pressure (150-300 atm).

Catalysis: Iron (\(Fe\)) is used as a catalyst to facilitate the reaction. It helps in breaking the strong \(N \equiv N\) triple bond in nitrogen and promotes the formation of ammonia.

Equilibrium: The reaction is reversible and reaches an equilibrium. The presence of the catalyst helps achieve a higher yield of ammonia.

Catalyst: Iron (often with promoters like potassium or aluminum oxides) serves as the catalyst in the Haber Process. It provides active sites for the dissociation of nitrogen and hydrogen and the subsequent formation of ammonia.

D. Ethyne \(\longrightarrow\) Ethanal

Process: Hydration of Acetylene

Ethyne (acetylene) is hydrated to form ethanal (acetaldehyde) in a process known as hydration.

Steps:

Reaction: Ethyne reacts with water to form ethanal. This reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a catalyst.

\(C_2H_2 + H_2O \overset{PtCl_2}{\longrightarrow} CH_3CHO\)

Catalysis: The reaction requires a catalyst to proceed effectively.

Catalyst: Platinum chloride (\(PtCl_2\)) is used as a catalyst in this reaction. It facilitates the addition of water to ethyne, leading to the formation of ethanal.

In summary, each catalyst plays a crucial role in facilitating and speeding up the specific chemical reactions required for the industrial processes described.