Match List-I with List-II:
| List-I Terms | List-II Meanings | ||
| (A) | Muzarian | (I) | Spring |
| (B) | Kharif | (II) | Perfect crops |
| (C) | Rabi | (III) | Peasant |
| (D) | Jins-i-Kamil | (IV) | Autumn |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
(A) Muzarian — this matches (III) Peasant. The Indo-Persian sources of the Mughal period called a peasant raiyat (plural, riaya) or muzarian; the words kisan and asami were also used.
(B) Kharif — this matches (IV) Autumn. Agriculture ran in two seasons; the kharif was the autumn crop.
(C) Rabi — this matches (I) Spring. The rabi was the spring crop, so most regions raised at least two crops a year (do-fasla).
(D) Jins-i-Kamil — this matches (II) Perfect crops. Jins-i kamil means “perfect crops” – cash crops such as cotton and sugarcane, which the Mughal state encouraged because they brought in more revenue.
NCERT (2025-26): “1.2 Peasants and their lands … The term which Indo-Persian sources of the Mughal period most frequently used to denote a peasant was raiyat (plural, riaya) or muzarian. In addition, we also encounter the terms kisan or asami.… 1.4 An abundance of crops … Agriculture was organised around two major seasonal cycles, the kharif (autumn) and the rabi (spring). This would mean that most regions, except those terrains that were the most arid or inhospitable, produced a minimum of two crops a year (do-fasla), whereas some, where rainfall or irrigation assured a continuous supply of water, even gave three crops.… … However, the focus on the cultivation of basic staples did not mean that agriculture in medieval India was only for subsistence. We often come across the term jins-i kamil (literally, perfect crops) in our sources. The Mughal state also encouraged peasants to cultivate such crops as they brought in more revenue. Crops such as cotton and sugarcane were jins-i kamil par excellence.…” |