Arrange the trend of migration from India in chronological order. (a)…

Arrange the trend of migration from India in chronological order.

(a) Highly qualified professionals

(b) Professional artisans and traders

(d) Outflow of entrepreneurs

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 1

The correct answer is Option (1) → (c), (b), (d), (a)

(c) Indentured labourers — first. During the colonial period, indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, the Caribbean islands, Fiji and South Africa to work on plantations.

(b) Professional artisans and traders — second. The second wave went to neighbouring countries as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers.

(d) Outflow of entrepreneurs — third. Along with the second wave, there was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners and businessmen to Western countries.

(a) Highly qualified professionals — last. The third wave was made up of professionals like doctors, engineers, software engineers and management consultants.

Note 1: This question is taken from the pre-rationalised NCERT book. The latest edition (2026-27) does not have this part. An extract of the pre-rationalised NCERT book is given below for the benefit of students.

Note 2: The book does not say in clear words that the outflow of entrepreneurs came before the third wave. It gives this outflow in the paragraph on the second wave, before the third wave of professionals. This gives the order (c), (b), (d), (a).

Pre-rationalised NCERT: “Indian Diaspora … During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers.”

“The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. There was a steady outflow of India’s semi-skilled and skilled labour in the wake of the oil boom in West Asia in the 1970s. There was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners, professionals, businessmen to Western Countries.”

“Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc.”