Which one of the following is not an outcome of globalisation?

The correct answer is Option (2) → Nationalisation of cultures

Option (1) Privatisation of production — An outcome (Incorrect). The globalisation of the Indian economy came through the policy of liberalisation, which includes the privatisation of public sector enterprises, selling government-owned companies to private companies. Production thus moves from the state to private firms.

Option (2) Nationalisation of cultures — Not an outcome (Correct). Nationalisation means bringing something under national or state control, as when forest produce was nationalised. Globalisation does the reverse to culture: it stretches cultural flows across borders, so that cultures either become alike everywhere or mix the global with the local. Confining culture within national limits is not one of its outcomes.

Option (3) Transnationalisation of production — An outcome (Incorrect). Under globalisation, transnational corporations produce goods across several countries, and production moves to dispersed locations wherever labour is cheaper, as Nike’s shoes did.

Option (4) Homogenisation of cultures — An outcome (Incorrect). A central contention about globalisation is that all cultures will become similar, that is homogeneous; others argue for glocalisation, the mixing of the global with the local. Either way it is one of the outcomes discussed.