Match List – I with List – II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

 A. Homology is based on divergent evolution .Homology indicates common ancestry. They perform different functions but  have similar anatomical structure –examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology.

B. Analogy is based on convergent evolution.Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins.

C. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is Australian marsupials.

D. Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time.Branching descent and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution.Branching descent refers to the process of evolving a new species from a single common ancestor. As new species emerged, they became regionally adapted to their new surroundings. Darwin's finches are an excellent example of how competitive rivalry can lead to progression via evolutionary change.