In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision. Inclusive because it recognised diversity and plurality. Democratic because it sought to do away with discrimination and exclusion and bring forth a just and equitable society. The term ‘people’ has not been seen in exclusive terms, referring to any specific group defined by religion, ethnicity, race or caste. Ideas of humanism influenced Indian nationalists, and the ugly aspects of exclusive nationalism were extensively commented upon by leading figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore.

Which of the following appeared as a solution for the dangers foreseen by Gandhi and Tagore?

A nation based on an inclusive constitution. A spiritual nation based on Hindutva. Bharath as a solution. Nation Defined by religion.

A nation based on an inclusive constitution.

To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution. There is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture, language or religion is synonymous with the nation-state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular.