The act of aggression meant to obtain a certain goal or objects called:

Instrumental Aggression

The correct answer is Option (1) → Instrumental Aggression

A distinction is also made between instrumental aggression and hostile aggression. In instrumental aggression, the act of aggression is meant to obtain a certain goal or object. For example, a bully slaps a new student in school so that s/he can snatch the newcomer’s chocolate. Hostile aggression is that which is shown as an expression of anger towards the target, with the intention of harming her/ him, even if the aggressor does not wish to obtain anything from the victim. For example, a criminal may beat up a person in the community for mentioning his name to the police.

Option (2) Hostile Aggression is driven by anger or the intent to harm, not by achieving a goal.

Option (3) Proactive Aggression is not the standard term.

Option (4) Verbal Aggression refers to aggression expressed through words, not necessarily linked to achieving a goal. Verbal aggression can be either hostile or instrumental depending on the intent.

Note: This question is from deleted NCERT syllabus.