Which of the following practices are encompassed within organic farming?

All of the above.

The correct answer is Option (4) → All of the above.

Explanation:

Organic farming is an agricultural approach that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and sustainable practices to enhance soil fertility and manage pests. It includes:

• Use of fertilizers and pesticides of biological origin: Organic farming relies on natural substances such as compost, green manure, and bio-pesticides derived from plants or microorganisms to nourish crops and control pests, avoiding synthetic chemicals.
• IPM (Integrated Pest Management): IPM is a key component of organic farming. It involves the integration of various pest management techniques, including biological control, cultural practices, monitoring, and judicious use of pesticides when necessary. IPM focuses on preventing and managing pests by considering the ecological balance and minimizing the use of synthetic chemical pesticides.
• Locally developed pest-resistant varieties: Cultivating crop varieties that are naturally resistant to local pests and diseases minimizes the need for chemical interventions and supports ecological balance.

By integrating these practices, organic farming promotes environmental sustainability, biodiversity, and the production of healthy food.