Which of the following did not emerge during 1970s?

The correct answer is Option (2) → Spatial organisation approach

Discontent with the quantitative revolution led to three new schools of thought in the 1970s: humanistic (welfare), radical and behavioural.

Option (1) Humanistic approach — Emerged in the 1970s. The humanistic school is one of the three schools of the 1970s.

Option (2) Spatial organisation approach — Did not emerge in the 1970s. It belongs to the late 1950s to the late 1960s, the phase of the quantitative revolution, when computers and statistical tools were used.

Option (3) Welfare approach — Emerged in the 1970s. The welfare or humanistic school dealt with social well-being, such as housing, health and education.

Option (4) Radical approach — Emerged in the 1970s. The radical school used Marxian theory to explain poverty and social inequality.