What was the impact of the railways on India's exports?

Increase in the volume of exports with no benefit to Indian people

The correct answer is option 4: Increase in the volume of exports with no benefit to Indian people.

The development of railways in India by the British did lead to an increase in the volume of exports, as it facilitated the transport of raw materials and goods to ports for export. However, the primary beneficiaries were the British colonial interests, as the railways were designed to serve their economic objectives rather than benefiting the Indian people.

"The introduction of railways in India in 1850 was considered a significant contribution by the British. While it enabled long-distance travel and the breaking of geographical and cultural barriers, it also led to the commercialization of Indian agriculture, negatively affecting the self-sufficiency of village economies. Although India's export volume expanded, the benefits rarely reached the Indian people, leading to significant economic losses for the country."