Match List I with List II
| LIST I | LIST II | ||
| A. | Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. | I. | Secularism |
| B. | Based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture. | II. | Authoritarianism |
| C. | When state does not follow any particular religion over others. | III. | Communalism |
| D. | A state in which the people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone | IV. | Ethnic group |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(A) Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. — this matches (III) Communalism. In everyday language in India, communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity, an aggressive political ideology linked to religion. Chauvinism is the attitude that sees one’s own group as the only worthy one and other groups as inferior and opposed.
(B) Based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture. — this matches (IV) Ethnic group. An ethnic group is a community based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture; it is one of the kinds of community that can one day form a nation.
(C) When state does not follow any particular religion over others. — this matches (I) Secularism. The most common Indian use of secular is as the opposite of communal: a secular person or state is one that does not favour any particular religion over others.
(D) A state in which the people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone — this matches (II) Authoritarianism. An authoritarian state is the opposite of a democratic state: the people have no voice, those in power answer to no one, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech and of the press are often limited or abolished.
NCERT (2025-26): “Communalism … In everyday language, the word ‘communalism’ refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. Chauvinism itself is an attitude that sees one’s own group as the only legitimate or worthy group, with other groups being seen – by definition – as inferior, illegitimate and opposed. Thus, to simplify further, communalism is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion.…” “6.1 The Importance of Community Identity … How, then, can we distinguish a nation from other kinds of communities, such as an ethnic group (based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture), a religious community, or a regionally-defined community? Conceptually, there seems to be no hard distinction – any of the other types of community can one day form a nation.…” “6.3 Religion-related Issues and … The Indian meanings of secular and secularism include the western sense but also involve others. The most common use of secular in everyday language is as the opposite of communal. So, a secular person or state is one that does not favour any particular religion over others. Secularism in this sense is the opposite of religious chauvinism and it need not necessarily imply hostility to religion as such.…” “6.4 State and Civil Society … To the extent that the state structure – the legislature, bureaucracy, judiciary, armed forces, police and other arms of the state – becomes insulated from the people, it also has the potential of turning authoritarian. An authoritarian state is the opposite of a democratic state. It is a state in which the people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone. Authoritarian states often limit or abolish civil liberties like freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of political activity, right to protection from wrongful use of authority, right to the due processes of the law, and so on.…” |