Match List-I with List-II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

The correct answer is Option (2) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

A. Homology is based on divergent evolution .Homology indicates common ancestry. They perform different functions but  have similar anatomical structure –examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology. Whales, bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs. 

B. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is Australian marsupials.

C. Analogy is based on convergent evolution.  Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins. 

D. Industrial melanism was primarily highlighted in moths, specifically the peppered moth (Biston betularia). This phenomenon refers to the evolutionary change observed in the coloration of peppered moths during the industrial revolution in Britain. As pollution increased and trees became darker due to soot, the population of darker, melanistic forms of the peppered moth increased in industrial areas, demonstrating natural selection favoring moths that were better camouflaged against darkened tree trunks. This adaptation is a classic example of natural selection and is often cited in evolutionary biology to illustrate the impact of environmental changes on species' adaptations.