Sporopollenin, the most resistant organic material is present in:

The correct answer is Option (1) → Exine

Option (1) Exine — Correct. The hard outer layer of the pollen grain, the exine, is made of sporopollenin. It is one of the most resistant organic materials known, withstanding high temperatures, strong acids and alkali.

NCERT Extract:
Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain – “… Pollen grains are generally spherical measuring about 25-50 micrometers in diameter. It has a prominent two-layered wall. The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known. Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is absent. Pollen grains are well-preserved as fossils because of the presence of sporopollenin. The exine exhibits a fascinating array of patterns and designs. … What is the function of germ pore? The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the intine. It is a thin and continuous layer made up of cellulose and pectin.”