Match the findings in List-I with the research in List-II.List-IList-…

Match the findings in List-I with the research in List-II.

List-I	List-II
(A) Children favoured their own group even though the groups were created on a flimsy criterion.	(I) Latane and his associates' clapping and cheering study
(B) Each participant put in less effort as the group size increased.	(II) Tajfel's minimal group paradigm
(C) Groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone.	(III) Social facilitation research
(D) Presence of others can enhance performance when a person's efforts are individually evaluated.	(IV) Research on group polarisation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 4

The correct answer is Option (4) → A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Children favoured their own group even though the groups were created on a flimsy criterion.	(II) Tajfel's minimal group paradigm	Tajfel grouped schoolboys only by their liking for one of two painters, yet they favoured their own group.
(B) Each participant put in less effort as the group size increased.	(I) Latane and his associates' clapping and cheering study	Latane's participants clapped or cheered alone or in groups of two, four and six; noise per participant dropped as size grew.
(C) Groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone.	(IV) Research on group polarisation	Group polarisation research found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals.
(D) Presence of others can enhance performance when a person's efforts are individually evaluated.	(III) Social facilitation research	Social facilitation research found that the presence of others raises arousal and enhances performance when efforts are individually evaluated.

NCERT (2026-27): “Social Loafing
Social facilitation research suggests that presence of others leads to arousal and can motivate individuals to enhance their performance if they are already good at solving something. This enhancement occurs when a person’s efforts are individually evaluated. What would happen if efforts of an individual in a group are pooled so that you look at the performance of the group as a whole? Do you know what often happens? It has been found that individuals work less hard in a group than they do when performing alone. This points to a phenomenon referred to as ‘social loafing’. Social loafing is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task, i.e. one in which outputs are pooled with those of other group members. An example of such a task is the game of tug-of-war. It is not possible for you to identify how much force each member of the team has been exerting. Such situations give opportunities to group members to relax and become a free rider. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in many experiments by Latane and his associates who asked group of male students to clap or cheer as loudly as possible as they (experimenters) were interested in knowing how much noise people make in social settings. They varied the group size; individuals were either alone, or in groups of two, four and six. The results of the study showed that although the total amount of noise rose up, as size increased, the amount of noise produced by each participant dropped. In other words, each participant put in less effort as the group size increased. …”

Match the findings in List-I with the research in List-II.

List-I	List-II
(A) Children favoured their own group even though the groups were created on a flimsy criterion.	(I) Latane and his associates' clapping and cheering study
(B) Each participant put in less effort as the group size increased.	(II) Tajfel's minimal group paradigm
(C) Groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone.	(III) Social facilitation research
(D) Presence of others can enhance performance when a person's efforts are individually evaluated.	(IV) Research on group polarisation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 4

The correct answer is Option (4) → A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Children favoured their own group even though the groups were created on a flimsy criterion.	(II) Tajfel's minimal group paradigm	Tajfel grouped schoolboys only by their liking for one of two painters, yet they favoured their own group.
(B) Each participant put in less effort as the group size increased.	(I) Latane and his associates' clapping and cheering study	Latane's participants clapped or cheered alone or in groups of two, four and six; noise per participant dropped as size grew.
(C) Groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone.	(IV) Research on group polarisation	Group polarisation research found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals.
(D) Presence of others can enhance performance when a person's efforts are individually evaluated.	(III) Social facilitation research	Social facilitation research found that the presence of others raises arousal and enhances performance when efforts are individually evaluated.