Assertion (A): The words nation and state are joined with a hyphen to form the term nation-state.

Reason (R): Nations are communities that have a state of their own.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

The correct answer is Option 1: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Assertion (A): The words nation and state are joined with a hyphen to form the term nation-state. — Correct. The term nation-state combines the ideas of a nation (a community of people with a shared identity) and a state (a political entity with control over a territory).

Reason (R): Nations are communities that have a state of their own. — Correct. A nation is distinguished from other communities because it is generally understood as a community that has successfully acquired a state of its own.

Assertion–Reason Relationship: The Reason correctly explains the Assertion because the term nation-state exists due to the close relationship between a nation and a state — a nation that has its own state.

NCERT: "Unlike the other kinds of communities mentioned before, nations are communities that have a state of their own. That is why the two are joined with a hyphen to form the term nation-state. Generally speaking, in recent times there has been a one-to-one bond between nation and state (one nation, one state; one state, one nation). But this is a new development. It was not true in the past that a single state could represent only one nation, or that every nation must have its own state. For example, when it was in existence, the Soviet Union explicitly recognised that the peoples it governed were of different ‘nations’ and more than one hundred such internal nationalities were recognised. Similarly, people constituting a nation may actually be citizens or residents of different states. For example, there are more Jamaicans living outside Jamaica than in Jamaica – that is, the population of ‘non-resident’ Jamaicans exceeds that of ‘resident’ Jamaicans. A different example is provided by ‘dual citizenship’ laws. These laws allow citizens of a particular state to also – simultaneously – be citizens of another state. Thus, to cite one instance, Jewish Americans may be citizens of Israel as well as the USA; they can even serve in the armed forces of one country without losing their citizenship in the other country.".