Which of the following propositions best distinguishes the demographic transition approach from the Malthusian approach?

Population growth follows predictable stages associated with economic development.

The correct answer is Option 4: Population growth follows predictable stages associated with economic development.

The theory of demographic transition explains population change as part of a broader process of economic and social development. It proposes that societies move through different stages characterized by changing birth rates, death rates, and population growth rates. This developmental perspective distinguishes it from Malthus's approach, which focused primarily on the relationship between population growth and subsistence resources.

Option 1: Population growth is primarily determined by the availability of subsistence resources. Incorrect. This is closer to the Malthusian perspective, which emphasized the relationship between population growth and the means of subsistence.

Option 2: Population growth follows predictable stages associated with economic development. Correct. This is the central proposition that distinguishes demographic transition theory from Malthusian theory.

Option 3: Population growth inevitably leads to famine and disease. Incorrect. This reflects Malthus's argument regarding positive checks rather than the demographic transition approach.

Option 4: Population growth can be explained mainly through unequal resource distribution. Incorrect. This is associated with liberal and Marxist criticisms of Malthus rather than with demographic transition theory.