Discrimination and exclusion of people does not happen on the basis of:

family type

The correct answer is Option (4) → family type

Discrimination and exclusion in society commonly occur based on:

• Class – Economic inequality can lead to social exclusion and limited opportunities.

• Caste – In India, caste has historically been a major basis for discrimination and exclusion.

• Gender – Gender-based discrimination affects access to education, employment, and rights.

However, "family type" (such as joint vs. nuclear family) is not a basis for systemic social discrimination or exclusion in the same way as the other three.

"People often face discrimination and exclusion because of their gender, religion, ethnicity, language, caste and disability. Thus, women from a privileged background may face sexual harassment in public places. A middle class professional from a minority religious or ethnic group may find it difficult to get accommodation in a middle class colony even in a metropolitan city."