The correct answer is Option (3) → Functional Foremanship.
Functional Foremanship the technique of Scientific Management that is contradictory to the principle of Unity of Command.
Unity of command is a principle that suggests each employee should receive orders from only one superior to avoid confusion and conflict, while Functional Foremanship is a technique that involves appointing eight specialists to oversee specific functions or tasks, potentially leading to multiple supervisors for one employee, which contradicts the principle of unity of command.
OTHER OPTIONS
- MOTION STUDY- Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions, etc., which are undertaken while doing a typical job. Unnecessary movements are sought to be eliminated so that it takes less time to complete the job efficiently. For example, Taylor and his associate Frank Gailberth were able to reduce motions in brick layering from 18 to just 5. Taylor demonstrated that productivity increased to about four times by this process.
- TIME STUDY- It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. Time measuring devices are used for each element of task. The standard time is fixed for the whole of the task by taking several readings. The method of time study will depend upon volume and frequency of the task, the cycle time of the operation and time measurement costs. The objective of time study is to determine the number of workers to be employed; frame suitable incentive schemes and determine labour costs.
- Work study is a systematic approach used to analyze and improve work processes in order to increase efficiency, productivity, and cost-effectiveness. The best practices can be kept and further refined to develop a standard which should be followed throughout the organisation. This can be done through work-study techniques which include time study, motion study, fatigue study and method study.
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