Which of the following Authorities or organisations are included in the definition of 'state' under Article 12 of the Constitution of India?

(A) Municipal Corporation of Delhi
(B) Karnataka State Road Transportation Authority
(C) Tata Consultancy Ltd.
(D) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
(E) Genesis India Ltd.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

(A), (B) and (D)

The correct answer is Option (2) → (A), (B) and (D)

While defining 'State', Article 12 of the Constitution of India mentions "any other authority". Hence, authorities created by law, authorities which are agencies and instrumentalities of the State or authorities which are essentially discharging public functions which have an impact on the common people are all part of the State.  

Based on this definition, the following authorities or organizations fall under the category of "State":

• Municipal Corporation of Delhi: This is a local authority within the territory of India.
• Karnataka State Road Transportation Authority: This is a state government authority.
• Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.: While it is a company, it is owned and controlled by the Government of India and therefore falls under the definition of "State."

  Tata Consultancy Ltd. and Genesis India Ltd. are private companies and do not fall under the definition of "State" according to Article 12.