Which of the following shows the shortfall in human development in any region?

1.  The number of people who do not have access to clean water.

2.  The number of small children who are healthy.

3. The probability of not surviving till the age of 40

Only 1 and 3

The correct answer is option 3: Only 1 and 3

Indicators of a shortfall in human development measure deprivation or lack of basic facilities and opportunities.

1. The number of people who do not have access to clean water – This indicates deprivation and therefore reflects a shortfall in human development.
2. The number of small children who are healthy – This is a positive indicator of human development, not a shortfall.
3. The probability of not surviving till the age of 40 – This is a negative indicator reflecting poor health conditions and therefore indicates a shortfall in human development.

NCERT: The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult illiteracy rate, the number of people who do not have access to clean water, and the number of small children who are underweight are all taken into account to show the shortfall in human development in any region. Number of healthy children is an indicator of attainment in human development.