How have mammals and birds with large territories been affected by habitat fragmentation?

Their populations have declined.

The correct answer is Option (3) – Their populations have declined.

Habitat fragmentation has had adverse effects on mammals and birds with large territories. When natural habitats are fragmented into smaller, isolated patches due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, or agriculture, it can disrupt the normal movement and behavior of these animals.

Habitat fragmentation has negatively impacted mammals and birds that require large territories, leading to a decline in their populations. Fragmentation breaks up their natural habitats, reducing the available space for foraging, hunting, and breeding, and often isolates populations, making it harder for them to find mates and access resources. This reduction in habitat size and connectivity can cause decreased genetic diversity and increased vulnerability to environmental changes, predation, and competition .

As a result of these factors, the populations of mammals and birds with large territories have often declined in fragmented landscapes. Conservation efforts that focus on habitat restoration, creating wildlife corridors, and protecting larger contiguous habitats are essential to mitigate the negative impacts of habitat fragmentation on these species and promote their long-term survival.