The carbohydrate metabolism and modulation of inflammatory reactions are controlled by which hormone?

Glucocorticoids

The correct answer is Option (3) → Glucocorticoids.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They play a key role in regulating several important functions, including:

Carbohydrate Metabolism:

Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, promote gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like amino acids and fats) in the liver.

They also help to mobilize amino acids from tissues and fatty acids from adipose tissue to serve as substrates for glucose production.

Additionally, they reduce glucose uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, which leads to increased blood glucose levels.

Modulation of Inflammatory Reactions:

Glucocorticoids have potent anti-inflammatory effects. They suppress the immune response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the activity of immune cells like T-lymphocytes.

They also inhibit the release of substances like histamine and prostaglandins, which are involved in the inflammatory response.

Thus, glucocorticoids are the hormones responsible for controlling both carbohydrate metabolism and the modulation of inflammatory reactions.