In modern India, there is greater equality, at least in some spheres for example, caste distinctions do not matter any more on trains, buses or in cyber cafes on the other hand, older forms of discrimination may persist even in new factory or workplace settings. And, even as social inequalities are reducing, economic or income inequality growing in the world. Identify the process.

(1) Globalisation

(2) Colonisation

(3) Urbanisation

(4) Industrialisation

4

The correct answer is Option 4: 4 (Industrialisation)

According to the NCERT Sociology textbook, industrialisation has led to greater equality in certain spheres of life.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

1. Option 1 – Globalisation: Focuses on global interconnectedness in trade, culture, and communication. It can impact inequality but is not the primary cause of internal social restructuring like caste reduction in public spaces.

2. Option 2 – Colonisation: Refers to foreign rule and exploitation, especially during the colonial era. It is a historical process, not relevant to modern patterns of income and social change.

3. Option 3 – Urbanisation: Refers to the growth of cities and migration from rural to urban areas. While it may influence lifestyle and job access, it is industrialisation that primarily drives changes in workplace structures and economic disparities.

NCERT: Industrialisation leads to greater equality, at least in some spheres. For example, caste distinctions do not matter any more on trains, buses or in cyber cafes. On the other hand, older forms of discrimination may persist even in new factory or workplace settings. And even as social inequalities are reducing, economic or income inequality is growing in the world. Often social inequality and income inequality overlap, for example, in the domination of upper caste men in well-paying professions like medicine, law or journalism. Women often get paid less than men for similar work