In modern India, there is greater equality, at least in some spheres for example, caste distinctions do not matter any more on trains, buses or in cyber cafes on the other hand, older forms of discrimination may persist even in new factory or workplace settings. And, even as social inequalities are reducing, economic or income inequality is growing in the world. Identify the process.
(1) Globalisation
(2) Colonisation
(3) Urbanisation
(4) Industrialisation
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → Industrialisation
Option (1) Globalisation — Incorrect. Globalisation is the growing interconnection of the world through trade, investment, technology and media. The question is not about links between countries; it is about how factory work and modern transport change caste and income inside one society.
Option (2) Colonisation — Incorrect. Colonisation is the rule of one country over another, as in the British rule over India. The question describes modern, independent India, not foreign rule.
Option (3) Urbanisation — Incorrect. Urbanisation is the development of towns and cities and a decline in the dependence on agriculture for livelihood. Its focus is where people live; the question’s examples turn on the new forms of work, the factory and the workplace.
Option (4) Industrialisation — Correct. Industrialisation is the emergence of machine production, based on inanimate power such as steam or electricity. It leads to greater equality, at least in some spheres: caste does not matter on trains, buses or in cyber cafes. Yet older discrimination may persist in the new factory, and income inequality is growing even as social inequalities reduce.
NCERT (2025-26): “5.1 Images of Industrial Society … Industrialisation leads to greater equality, at least in some spheres. For example, caste distinctions do not matter any more on trains, buses or in cyber cafes. On the other hand, older forms of discrimination may persist even in new factory or workplace settings. And even as social inequalities are reducing, economic or income inequality is growing in the world. Often social inequality and income inequality overlap, for example, in the domination of upper caste men in well-paying professions like medicine, law or journalism. Women often get paid less than men for similar work.” “1.2 Urbanisation and Industrialisation … Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.…” |