Match List - I with List - II.
| List - I | List - II | ||
| (A) | Concept of Balance | (I) | Norman Triplett |
| (B) | Concept of cognitive dissonance | (II) | Leon Festinger |
| (C) | Two step concept | (III) | S.M. Mohsin |
| (D) | Social Facilitation | (IV) | Fritz Heider |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
(A) Concept of Balance — this matches (IV) Fritz Heider. Heider’s concept is described as the ‘P-O-X’ triangle of the person, another person and the attitude object; an attitude changes when the three relations are in imbalance, in the direction of balance.
(B) Concept of cognitive dissonance — this matches (II) Leon Festinger. Festinger held that the cognitive components of an attitude must be ‘consonant’; if two cognitions are dissonant, one of them is changed in the direction of consonance.
(C) Two step concept — this matches (III) S.M. Mohsin. Mohsin, an Indian psychologist, said attitude change takes place in two steps: first the target identifies with the source, and then the source changes her/his own attitude and so influences the target.
(D) Social Facilitation — this matches (I) Norman Triplett. As early as 1897, Triplett observed that individuals perform better in the presence of others than when doing the same task alone; cyclists racing with each other ride faster than when they cycle alone.
Note: Norman Triplett’s observation on social facilitation was there in the section ‘Behaviour in the Presence of Others’ of the chapter ‘Attitude and Social Cognition’ of the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2023, and is not there in the NCERT book (2025-26).
NCERT (2025-26): “Process of Attitude Change … The concept of balance, proposed by Fritz Heider is sometimes described in the form of the ‘P-O-X’ triangle, which represents the relationships between three aspects or components of the attitude. … The basic idea is that an attitude changes if there is a state of imbalance between the P-O attitude, O-X attitude, and P-X attitude.…” “Process of Attitude Change … The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger. It emphasises the cognitive component.…” “Process of Attitude Change … The two-step concept was proposed by S.M. Mohsin, an Indian psychologist. According to him, attitude change takes place in the form of two steps.…” NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “Behaviour in the Presence of Others … One of the first observations made about social behaviour was that performance on specific tasks is influenced by the mere presence of others. This is called social facilitation. … As early as 1897, Norman Triplett observed that individuals show better performance in the presence of others, than when they are performing the same task alone.…” |