Match the cases in List-I with the behavioural techniques in List-II.…

Match the cases in List-I with the behavioural techniques in List-II.

List-I	List-II
(A) Meena, 8, gets a star sticker each time she finishes her homework on time; ten stars are later exchanged for a trip to the zoo.	(I) Aversive conditioning
(B) Rakesh, who drinks heavily, is given a mild electric shock each time he smells alcohol, over many sessions.	(II) Differential reinforcement
(C) Anu, who fears lifts, is first relaxed and then imagines the least frightening lift scene, moving to harder scenes over the sessions.	(III) Token economy
(D) A parent takes a child to the cinema when she asks politely and ignores her when she cries and sulks.	(IV) Systematic desensitisation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 2

The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Meena, 8, gets a star sticker each time she finishes her homework on time; ten stars are later exchanged for a trip to the zoo.	(III) Token economy	A star is given each time the wanted behaviour occurs, and the stars are later traded for a reward. Collecting rewards and exchanging them is token economy.
(B) Rakesh, who drinks heavily, is given a mild electric shock each time he smells alcohol, over many sessions.	(I) Aversive conditioning	The undesired response, drinking, is repeatedly paired with a painful shock. Repeated pairing of an undesired response with an aversive consequence is aversive conditioning.
(C) Anu, who fears lifts, is first relaxed and then imagines the least frightening lift scene, moving to harder scenes over the sessions.	(IV) Systematic desensitisation	Anu moves from the least to more fearful scenes while kept relaxed. This method for phobias, using a hierarchy and relaxation, is systematic desensitisation, introduced by Wolpe.
(D) A parent takes a child to the cinema when she asks politely and ignores her when she cries and sulks.	(II) Differential reinforcement	The wanted behaviour (asking politely) is rewarded and the unwanted one (sulking) is ignored. Raising one and lowering the other at the same time is differential reinforcement.

NCERT (2026-27): “Behavioural Techniques …
Negative reinforcement and aversive conditioning are the two major techniques of behaviour modification. As you have already studied in Class XI, responses that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them provide negative reinforcement. For example, one learns to put on woollen clothes, burn firewood or use electric heaters to avoid the unpleasant cold weather. One learns to move away from dangerous stimuli because they provide negative reinforcement. Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. For example, an alcoholic is given a mild electric shock and asked to smell the alcohol. With repeated pairings the smell of alcohol is aversive as the pain of the shock is associated with it and the person will give up alcohol. If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit. For example, if a child does not do homework regularly, positive reinforcement may be used by the child’s mother by preparing the child’s favourite dish whenever s/he does homework at the appointed time. The positive reinforcement of food will increase the behaviour of doing homework at the appointed time. Persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. The tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward such as an outing for the patient or a treat for the child. This is known as token economy.”

“… Systematic desensitisation is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. The client is interviewed to elicit fear - provoking situations and together with the client, the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety-provoking situation. Box 5.2 gives details of relaxation procedures. The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt. Over sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fear -provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitised to the fear.”

Match the cases in List-I with the behavioural techniques in List-II.

List-I	List-II
(A) Meena, 8, gets a star sticker each time she finishes her homework on time; ten stars are later exchanged for a trip to the zoo.	(I) Aversive conditioning
(B) Rakesh, who drinks heavily, is given a mild electric shock each time he smells alcohol, over many sessions.	(II) Differential reinforcement
(C) Anu, who fears lifts, is first relaxed and then imagines the least frightening lift scene, moving to harder scenes over the sessions.	(III) Token economy
(D) A parent takes a child to the cinema when she asks politely and ignores her when she cries and sulks.	(IV) Systematic desensitisation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 2

The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Meena, 8, gets a star sticker each time she finishes her homework on time; ten stars are later exchanged for a trip to the zoo.	(III) Token economy	A star is given each time the wanted behaviour occurs, and the stars are later traded for a reward. Collecting rewards and exchanging them is token economy.
(B) Rakesh, who drinks heavily, is given a mild electric shock each time he smells alcohol, over many sessions.	(I) Aversive conditioning	The undesired response, drinking, is repeatedly paired with a painful shock. Repeated pairing of an undesired response with an aversive consequence is aversive conditioning.
(C) Anu, who fears lifts, is first relaxed and then imagines the least frightening lift scene, moving to harder scenes over the sessions.	(IV) Systematic desensitisation	Anu moves from the least to more fearful scenes while kept relaxed. This method for phobias, using a hierarchy and relaxation, is systematic desensitisation, introduced by Wolpe.
(D) A parent takes a child to the cinema when she asks politely and ignores her when she cries and sulks.	(II) Differential reinforcement	The wanted behaviour (asking politely) is rewarded and the unwanted one (sulking) is ignored. Raising one and lowering the other at the same time is differential reinforcement.