Which of the following statements are correct about Mahajanapadas ?

A. Mahajanapadas were ruled by the kings.
B. Some Mahajanapadas, known as ganas, were oligarchies.
C. Buddha and Mahavira did not belong to Mahajanapadas.
D. Each Mahajanapada had a capital city, which was often fortified.
E. Mahajanapadas were short-lived and none of them survived for more than 100 years.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A, B, D only

The correct answer is Option (1) → A, B, D only

A. Mahajanapadas were ruled by the kings: True, Mahajanapadas were typically ruled by kings.

B. Some Mahajanapadas, known as ganas, were oligarchies: True, some Mahajanapadas had ganas, which were oligarchies or republics.

C. Buddha and Mahavira did not belong to Mahajanapadas: This statement is incorrect. Both Buddha and Mahavira were associated with regions that were part of the Mahajanapadas.

D. Each Mahajanapada had a capital city, which was often fortified: True, Mahajanapadas usually had a capital city, often fortified for defense.

E. Mahajanapadas were short-lived and none of them survived for more than 100 years: This statement is incorrect. While some Mahajanapadas might have been relatively short-lived, others existed for more extended periods, and the duration varied among them.

So, the correct option is [1].