Practicing Success
Who asserted, "There is no middle state in India" during the Mughal period? |
Jean-Baptiste Travernier Marco Polo Duarte Barbosa Francois Bernier |
Francois Bernier |
The correct answer is Option (4) → Francois Bernier Francois Bernier described Indian society as consisting of undifferentiated masses of impoverished people, subjugated by a small minority of a very rich and powerful ruling class. Between the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich, there was no social group or class worth the name. Bernier confidently asserted: “There is no middle state in India.” This, then, is how Bernier saw the Mughal Empire – its king was the king of “beggars and barbarians”; its cities and towns were ruined and contaminated with “ill air”; and its fields, “overspread with bushes” and full of “pestilential marishes”. And, all this was because of one reason: crown ownership of land. |