Foreign policy is consistently guided by the pursuit of national interests. In the post-1990 era, Russia, while remaining a significant ally for India, experienced a decline in its global prominence. Consequently, India's foreign policy has leaned more towards embracing a pro-US orientation. Concurrently, the prevailing global landscape places greater emphasis on economic considerations over military ones, influencing India's foreign policy decisions. Meanwhile, Indo-Pakistan relations have undergone substantial evolution during this period. Despite the persistent Kashmir dispute, concerted endeavors have been undertaken to normalize relations. This approach entails fostering cultural exchanges, facilitating citizen mobility, and promoting economic collaboration between the two nations.

The confrontation between India and Pakistan in 1999 is known as what?

Kargil conflict

In the early part of 1999 several points on the Indian side of the LoC in the Mashkoh, Dras, Kaksar, and Batalik areas were occupied by forces claiming to be Mujahideens. Suspecting the involvement of the Pakistan Army, Indian forces started reacting to this occupation. This led to a confrontation between the two countries. This is known as the Kargil conflict.