Please read the case-study and answer the following question.

Four friends Tina, Pallavi, Vinay and Malini went on a trip. They got lost on a deserted island. They lost their boat and it was cold. Pallavi started panicking, got anxious and started worrying. She was thinking the worst that could happen to them-Tina tried to help Pallavi and took care of her. She kept assuring Pallavi that all will be well. Pallavi immediately looked out for Vinay as he was the most responsible among them. He was calm and started looking for wood and food to get through the night.

Malini was excited and wanted everyone to explore the island. She was curious if there were any inhabitants or wild animals. It was like the perfect plot for her next adventure story.

The trait theory which has been found useful in understanding personality profile of people across cultures is that of:

Costa and McCrae

The correct answer is Option (4) → Costa and McCrae

Costa and McCrae developed the Five Factor Theory (also known as the Big Five Model), which includes:

1. Openness to Experience

2. Conscientiousness

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Neuroticism

This five factor model represents an important theoretical development in the field of personality. It has been found useful in understanding the personality profile of people across cultures. While it is consistent with the analysis of personality traits found in different languages, it is also supported by the studies of personality carried out through different methods. Hence, it is now considered to be the most promising empirical approach to the study of personality.