Match Column I with Column II

A-q; B-r; C-s; D-p

The correct answer is option 1. A-q; B-r; C-s; D-p.

Let us delve into each association in detail:

A. Iron - Siderite (q):

Siderite, also known as iron carbonate, is a common mineral that often occurs in sedimentary rocks. It has the chemical formula \(FeCO_3\), indicating it contains iron \((Fe)\) and carbonate \((CO_3)\) ions. Siderite is an important ore of iron. While it is not as abundant or widely exploited as hematite \((Fe_2O_3)\) or magnetite \((Fe_3O_4)\), siderite still represents a significant source of iron. The extraction of iron from siderite typically involves a series of steps, including roasting to convert the siderite to hematite, followed by reduction using carbon monoxide or hydrogen to produce metallic iron. Siderite is often found associated with other iron-bearing minerals and ores, and its presence can influence the overall economics and processing methods used in iron extraction.

B. Copper - Malachite (r):

Malachite is a green carbonate mineral with the chemical formula \(Cu_2CO_3(OH)_2\). It is a secondary mineral that forms as a product of the weathering and oxidation of primary copper sulfide ores. Malachite is a common ore of copper and is often found in association with other copper minerals such as azurite \((Cu_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2)\) and chrysocolla \((Cu_2-xAlx(H_2-xSi_2O_5)(OH)_4.nH_2O). The extraction of copper from malachite involves various methods depending on the ore grade and characteristics. Generally, copper can be extracted from malachite by leaching with sulfuric acid, followed by solvent extraction and electrorefining to obtain pure copper metal. Malachite is also valued as a decorative stone and is used in jewelry and ornamental carvings due to its vibrant green color and attractive patterns.

C. Zinc - Calamine (s):

Calamine is a mineral composed primarily of zinc carbonate \((ZnCO_3)\) with variable amounts of iron and manganese impurities. The chemical composition of calamine can vary, but its principal component is zinc carbonate. Calamine is an important ore of zinc and is mined in various locations around the world. It often occurs in association with other zinc minerals such as sphalerite \((ZnS)\) and smithsonite \((ZnCO_3)\). Zinc is commonly extracted from calamine ore through a process called froth flotation, which involves grinding the ore to a fine powder, mixing it with water and chemicals, and then introducing air bubbles to selectively separate the zinc-bearing minerals from the gangue (worthless material). Calamine has also been historically used in medicinal preparations due to its purported soothing and healing properties, particularly in the treatment of skin conditions such as acne and rashes.

D. Aluminium - Karnolite (p):

Karnolite is a rare mineral composed primarily of potassium chloride \((KCl)\) and magnesium chloride \((MgCl_2)\), with minor amounts of water and other impurities. It belongs to the chloride mineral group. While aluminium is not typically extracted directly from karnolite, it can sometimes be found as a minor constituent within certain specimens. However, aluminium is primarily produced from its ore bauxite \((Al_2O_3·nH_2O)\) through a process called the Bayer process. Karnolite is mainly valued for its potassium and magnesium content and is sometimes mined as a source of these elements for use in fertilizers, industrial applications, and chemical processes. Despite its rarity and limited industrial significance compared to other aluminium-bearing minerals, karnolite still contributes to our understanding of mineralogy and geological processes.

These associations between metals and their respective ores illustrate the diversity of mineral resources and the importance of ore minerals in supplying raw materials for various industrial and technological applications.