To facilitate the smooth functioning of its rule, colonialism introduced a wide array of changes in every sphere, be it legal or cultural, or architectural. Some of these changes were deliberate while some took place in an unintended fashion. For example, we saw how western education was introduced to create Indians who would manage British colonialism. Instead, it led to the growth of nationalist and anti-colonial consciousness. Western colonialism was inextricably connected to the growth of western capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned. If capitalism became the dominant economic system, nation-states became the dominant political form of governing a territory.

Which of the following is NOT correct about colonialism in India?

None of the above.

All of the options are correct statements about colonialism in India. Therefore, the answer is Option 4: None of the above.

Here's why each option is correct:

• Option 1: Colonialism undeniably introduced a wide range of changes in India, including administrative systems, education, infrastructure, and social dynamics.
• Option 2: The primary motivation for European powers to colonize India was exploiting its vast resources and economic potential. Exploitation manifested in forms like extracting raw materials, controlling trade routes, and imposing unfair taxation.
• Option 3: The experience of living under colonial rule, witnessing its exploitative nature and cultural imposition, ultimately fostered a sense of national identity and a collective desire for independence among Indians. This gave rise to various nationalist movements that eventually led to India's freedom.